Biography of Joseph Louis Lagrange, Mathematician

Biography of Joseph Louis Lagrange, Mathematician Joseph Louis Lagrange (1736–1813) is considered to be one of the greatest mathematicians in history. Born in Italy, he made his home in France before, during, and after the French Revolution. His most important contributions to modern mathematics related to number theory and celestial mechanics, and analytic mechanics; his 1788 book Analytic Mechanics is the foundation for all later work in the field. Fast Facts: Joseph-Louis Lagrange Known For: Major contributions to mathematicsAlso Known As: Giuseppe Lodovico LagrangiaBorn: January 25, 1736 in Turin,  Piedmont-Sardinia (present-day Italy)Parents: Giuseppe Francesco Lodovico Lagrangia, Maria Teresa GrossoDied: April 10, 1813 in Paris,  FranceEducation: University of TurinPublished Works:  Letter to Giulio Carlo da Fagnano, Analytical Mechanics, Miscellany of Philosophy and Mathematics, Mà ©langes de Philosophie et de Mathà ©matique, Essai sur le Problà ¨me des Trois CorpsAwards and Honors:  Member of the Berlin Academy, Fellow of the  Royal Society of Edinburgh, foreign member of the  Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Grand Officer of Napoleons  Legion of Honour  and a  Count of the Empire, Grand Croix of the  Ordre Impà ©rial de la Rà ©union, 1764 prize of the  French Academy of Sciences  for his memoir on the  libration  of the Moon, commemorated on a plaque in the  Eiffel Tower, namesake for the  lunar crater  LagrangeSp ouse(s): Vittoria Conti, Renà ©e-Franà §oise-Adà ©laà ¯de Le MonnierNotable Quote: I will deduce the complete mechanics of solid and fluid bodies using the principle of least action. Early Life Joseph Louis Lagrange was born in Turin, the capital of the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, to a well-to-do family on January 25, 1736. His father was treasurer of the Office of Public Works and Fortifications in Turin, but he lost his fortune as a result of bad investments. Young Joseph was intended to be a lawyer and attended the University of Turin with that goal; it wasnt until the age of 17 that he became interested in mathematics. His interest was piqued by a paper he came across by the astronomer Edmond Halley, and, entirely on his own, Lagrange dove into mathematics. In just a year, his course of self-study was so successful that he was appointed to be an assistant professor of mathematics at the Royal Military Academy. There, he taught courses in calculus and mechanics until it became clear that he was a poor educator (though a highly talented theorist). At the age of 19, Lagrange wrote to Leonhard Euler, the worlds greatest mathematician, describing his new ideas for calculus. Euler was so impressed that he recommended Lagrange for membership in the Berlin Academy at the extraordinarily young age of 20. Euler and Lagrange continued their correspondence and, as a result, the two collaborated on developing the calculus of variations. Before leaving Turin, Lagrange and friends founded the Turin Private Society, an organization intended to support pure research. The Society soon began publishing its own journal and, in 1783, it became the Turin Royal Academy of Sciences. During his time at the Society, Lagrange began applying his new ideas to several areas of mathematics: The theory of sound propagation.The theory and notation of the calculus of variations, solutions to dynamics problems, and deduction of the principle of least action.Solutions to dynamics problems such as the motion of three bodies mutually attracted by gravity. Work in Berlin Leaving Turin in 1766, Lagrange went to Berlin to fill a position recently vacated by Euler. The invitation came from Frederick the Great, who believed Lagrange to be the greatest mathematician in Europe. Lagrange spent 20 years living and working in Berlin. Though his health was sometimes precarious, he was extremely prolific. During this time he developed new theories about the three-body problem in astronomy, differential equations, probability, mechanics, and the stability of the solar system. His groundbreaking 1770 publication, Reflections on the Algebraic Resolution of Equations† launched a new branch of algebra. Work in Paris When his wife passed away and his patron Frederick the Great died, Lagrange accepted an invitation to Paris extended by Louis XVI. The invitation included luxurious rooms at the Louvre as well as every type of financial and professional support. Depressed because of his wifes death, he soon found himself married again to a much younger woman who found the gentle mathematician fascinating. While in Paris, LaGrange published Analytical Mechanics, an astonishing treatise and a still-classic mathematics text, which synthesized 100 years of research in mechanics since Newton, and led to the Lagrangian equations, which detailed and defined the differences between kinetic and potential energies. Lagrange was in Paris when the French Revolution began in 1789. Four years later, he became the head of the revolutionary weights and measures commission and helped establish the metric system. While Lagrange continued as a successful mathematician, the chemist Lavoisier (who had worked on the same commission) was guillotined. As the revolution came to a close, Lagrange became a professor of mathematics at the École Centrale des Travaux Publics (later renamed the  Ãƒâ€°cole Polytechnique), where he continued his theoretical work on calculus. When Napoleon came into power, he, too honored Lagrange. Before his death, the mathematician became a senator and count of the empire. Contributions Most Significant Contributions and Publications Lagranges most important publication was The Mà ©canique Analytique, his monumental work in pure math.His most prominent influence was his contribution to the metric system and his addition of a decimal base, which is in place largely due to his plan. Some refer to Lagrange as the founder of the Metric System.Lagrange is also known for doing a great deal of work on planetary motion. He was responsible for developing the groundwork for an alternate method of writing Newtons Equations of Motion, referred to as Lagrangian Mechanics. In 1772, he described the Lagrangian points, the points in the plane of two objects in orbit around their common center of gravity at which the combined gravitational forces are zero and where a third particle of negligible mass can remain at rest. This is why Lagrange is referred to as an astronomer/mathematician.The Lagrangian Polynomial is the easiest way to find a curve through points. Death Lagrange died in Paris in 1813 during the process of revising Analytical Mechanics. He was buried in the Panthà ©on in Paris.   Legacy Lagrange left behind an incredible array of mathematical tools, discoveries, and ideas which have had a profound impact on modern theoretical and applied calculus, algebra, mechanics, physics, and astronomy. Sources . Joseph Louis Lagrange | A Short Account of the History of MathematicsUniversity of South Florida.Joseph-Louis Lagrange. Famous Scientists.Joseph-Louis Lagrange. Stetson.edu.Struik, Dirk Jan. â€Å"Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Comte De LEmpire.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 18 Apr. 2019.

Words for Clothes in Spanish

Words for Clothes in Spanish Talking about clothing in Spanish is one of the practical ways you can put your knowledge of Spanish to use. Whether youre going shopping in an area where Spanish is spoken, making a packing list for a Spanish-speaking person, or preparing a laundry list for your hotel, youll find these words useful. Names for Clothing in Spanish Here are some of the most common names for articles of clothing. Although some regions have their own names for some types of clothing, these words should be understood nearly everywhere Spanish is spoken. bathrobe: el albornozbelt: el cinturà ³n (leather belt: cinturà ³n de cuero)bikini: el bikini, el biquini (feminine in Argentina)blouse: la blusaboots: las botasboxers: los bà ³xersbra: el sostà ©n, el sujetador, el brasiercap: la gorra, el gorrocoat: el abrigodress: el vestidogloves: los guantesgown (formal dress): el traje, el vestido, el vestido de noche, el vestido de bailehalter: halter, tophat: el sombrero (any kind of hat, not just a type of Mexican hat)jacket: la chaquetajeans: los jeans, los vaqueros, los bluyines, los tejanosleggings: las mallas (can refer to any type of tight-fitting elastic clothing), los leggingsminiskirt: la minifaldamittens: los mitonespajamas: la pijamapants, trousers: los pantalonespocket: el bolsillopurse: el bolsoraincoat: el impermeablesandal: la sandaliashirt: la camisashoe: el zapatoshoelaces, shoestrings:  cordones, agujetas (primarily in Mexico)shorts: los pantalones cortos, el short, las bermudas, el culote (especially for cycling short s)skirt: la falda slipper: la zapatillasock: el calcetà ­nstocking: la mediasuit: el trajesweater: el suà ©ter, el jersey, la chompasweatshirt: la sudadera, el pulà ³ver (with hood, con capucha)sweatsuit: el traje de entrenamiento (literally, training clothes)swimsuit: el baà ±ador, el traje de baà ±otank top: camiseta sin mangas (literally, sleeveless T-shirt)tennis shoe, sneaker: el zapato de tenis, el zapato de lonatie: la corbatatop (womens clothing article): topT-shirt: la camiseta, la playera articleestuxedo: el esmoquin, el smokingunderwear: la ropa interiorvest: el chalecowatch, wristwatch: el reloj, el reloj de pulsera The general word for clothing is la ropa. It can refer to clothing in general or to an article of clothing. General types of clothing include ropa deportiva or ropa sport (sportswear), ropa informal (casual clothing), ropa formal (formalwear), ropa  de negocios (businesswear), and ropa casual de negocios (business casual clothing). Using Definite Articles With Spanish Clothing When referring to a persons article of clothing, it is usual to use a definite article rather than a possessive pronoun, much as is done with body parts. In other words,  someone would refer to your shirt as la camisa (the shirt) rather than tu camisa (your shirt) if the meaning is still clear. For example: Durante la cena, yo llevaba los jeans verdes.During the dinner, I wore my green jeans. The meaning is clear without specifying that the jeans were mine.Mis zapatos son ms nuevos que los tuyos.My shoes are newer than yours. Possessive adjectives are used here for emphasis and clarity. Verbs Related to Clothes in Spanish Llevar is the verb most often used to refer to wearing clothing: Paulina llevà ³ la blusa rota a la tienda.Pauline wore the torn dress to the store. You can usually use ponerse to refer to putting on of clothing: Se puso la camisa sin abotonar.He put on the shirt without buttoning it. Sacar and quitar are usually used when referring to the removal of clothes: Los adolescentes entraban en una iglesia y no se quitaban el sombrero.The adolescents would enter a church and not take off their hats.No hay problema si sacas los zapatos.Theres no problem if you take off your shoes. Cambiarse is the verb of choice for changing possessions including clothing: Cuando te vas a cambiar de ropa,  ¿sigues alguna rutina?When you change clothes, do you follow some routine? Planchar is the verb for to iron. An iron is una plancha. Es difà ­cil planchar una camisa sin arrugas.It is difficult to iron a shirt without creases. The usual verb for laundering clothes is lavar, the same verb used for cleaning all sorts of items. Lavar and launder come from the same Latin verb, lavare. No es necesario que laves los jeans con la misma regularidad que las dems prendas de vestir.It isnt necessary that you wash jeans as consistently as with other articles of clothing.